THE INDIAN NAVY
F1 CAN NOW GO GAGA OVER MUSIC
NOIDA: The inaugural Formula One race in the country promises to exhilarate even those who aren't fans of motor sports as pop diva Lady Gaga is all set to make her India debut on October 30 when she will be performing at the closing ceremony of the 2011 Formula 1 Airtel Indian Grand Prix. The multi-award winning American heavy metal band Metallica had already announced that they will perform in India during the inaugural F1 event as a part of F1 Rocks, the series of global live music events staged alongside F1 races across the world.
Bollywood actor, Arjun Rampal's disco-bar Lap will be holding a series of after parties for the event for three days after the F1 weekend. "It's a very big thing that Lady Gaga has agreed to perform in India. She's at the peak of her career now and I am thrilled to announce that she will come to India for the first time," he said.
Arjun Rampal confirmed that Lady Gaga will also perform at the circuit on its concluding day. "Even Lady Gaga is keen to perform here. Her managers said she will enthrall us with her unique props and songs. She has got a huge fan following," he added before admitting that he himself was a huge fan with the song Poker Face being his favourite.
Musical fans found all this a bit too much to digest in their excitement as many of them couldn't decide which concert to go for. "I have already booked my tickets for the Metallica concert, but now I wish I hadn't. Lady Gaga is an incredible performer and it's going to be a fantastic show. I wish I had enough money to go for both," said Kartikeya Ramanathan, a student of Delhi University.
Music fans said that the F1 was going to transform the music scene in the city. "Delhi has never been the hotspot for big international bands to perform. Bands like Aerosmith and Pink Floyd have come to India but not Delhi, the F1 is going to change all of that," said Kriti Gupta, a musician based out of Delhi.
Metallica will be headlining the inaugural F1 Rocks in India. The concert is going to be held on October 28 in Leisure Valley, Gurgaon. Metallica is the seventh-biggest selling act in American history and they have received 21 prestigious international awards, including nine Grammys. "At this stage in the game, there are very few places in the world that we have not dragged our gear and crew to, so that makes this show announcement extra special. For the first time ever, we will be visiting India and it's about time, wouldn't you say," said the band in a release.
NOIDA: The inaugural Formula One race in the country promises to exhilarate even those who aren't fans of motor sports as pop diva Lady Gaga is all set to make her India debut on October 30 when she will be performing at the closing ceremony of the 2011 Formula 1 Airtel Indian Grand Prix. The multi-award winning American heavy metal band Metallica had already announced that they will perform in India during the inaugural F1 event as a part of F1 Rocks, the series of global live music events staged alongside F1 races across the world.
Bollywood actor, Arjun Rampal's disco-bar Lap will be holding a series of after parties for the event for three days after the F1 weekend. "It's a very big thing that Lady Gaga has agreed to perform in India. She's at the peak of her career now and I am thrilled to announce that she will come to India for the first time," he said.
Arjun Rampal confirmed that Lady Gaga will also perform at the circuit on its concluding day. "Even Lady Gaga is keen to perform here. Her managers said she will enthrall us with her unique props and songs. She has got a huge fan following," he added before admitting that he himself was a huge fan with the song Poker Face being his favourite.
Musical fans found all this a bit too much to digest in their excitement as many of them couldn't decide which concert to go for. "I have already booked my tickets for the Metallica concert, but now I wish I hadn't. Lady Gaga is an incredible performer and it's going to be a fantastic show. I wish I had enough money to go for both," said Kartikeya Ramanathan, a student of Delhi University.
Music fans said that the F1 was going to transform the music scene in the city. "Delhi has never been the hotspot for big international bands to perform. Bands like Aerosmith and Pink Floyd have come to India but not Delhi, the F1 is going to change all of that," said Kriti Gupta, a musician based out of Delhi.
Metallica will be headlining the inaugural F1 Rocks in India. The concert is going to be held on October 28 in Leisure Valley, Gurgaon. Metallica is the seventh-biggest selling act in American history and they have received 21 prestigious international awards, including nine Grammys. "At this stage in the game, there are very few places in the world that we have not dragged our gear and crew to, so that makes this show announcement extra special. For the first time ever, we will be visiting India and it's about time, wouldn't you say," said the band in a release.
INDIAN GRAND PRIX
As early as 1997, there have been plans to host an Indian Grand Prix at Calcutta. In 2003, India had only two permanent raceways, one in Chennai (Irungattukottai), and Kari Memorial Speedway in Coimbatore.At that time two 600 acres (2.4 km2) sites in the vicinity of the Bangalore airport were examined.Also, in the state Andhra Pradesh, chief minister Chandrababu Naidu reserved 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) of land near the airport at Hyderabad. Vicky Chandhok, father of Karun Chandhok, stated in an interview that "AndhraPradesh is realy pushing it like no other state!It is great to see a chief minister pushing so hard.Bangalore is a great location mainly because of the weather.In December 2003, a seven-year pre-agreement to host the GP in Hyderabad in 2007 was signed. The track was to be build near Gopanapally village, near the outskirts of Hyderabad, and consisted of 1,367 acres (5.53 km2) of land.
However, in 2004 there came competition from Mumbai, to shift the track from Hyderabad to Mumbai instead. F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone expected India to host a Grand Prix within three years, aiming forlocating at either Hyderabad or Mumbai.
As of 2007, five locations remained in the running for hosting the Indian Grand Prix: Bangalore, the Gurgaon district in the state Haryana, a permanent track somewhere near New Delhi, a street circuit in New Delhi, as proposed by Vijay Mallya, and a site in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
Following months of negotiations, the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and Bernie Ecclestone announced in June 2007 a provisional agreement for India to host its first Grand Prix in the 2009 F1 season. The track would be built in the Gurgaon, on recommendation by architect Hermann Tilke.However, in September 2007 the IOA announced that the debut race would take place in 2010 on the Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida. After further assessments of the timeframe involved, Bernie Ecclestone announced in September 2008 that the Indian Grand Prix has been delayed to 2011.
In October 2008, the Renault F1 team showcased their car on a tour across all sites that were previously linked to an F1 circuit in India (except Mumbai): Gurgaon, Lucknow, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Calcutta, and in November 2008 they also performed a street demonstration on Rajpath at the India Gate end, New Delhi, the car being driven by Nelson Piquet, Jr..In August 2009, the McLaren F1 team showcased their car in Lucknow. On October 11, 2009, the Red Bull F1 team gave a demonstration in Mumbai. David Coulthard drove the Red Bull F1 car across Mumbai's Bandra Worli Sealink. The Indian F1 Race will occur as the 17th round of the 2011 FIA Formula 1 World Championship.
The race will be held at the Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, 24 km from Delhi.The circuit will be roughly 5.14 kilometres (3.19 miles) and will be designed by F1 circuit designer Hermann Tilke. The track will be spread in an area of 875 acres. The initial seating capacity is speculated to be around 150,000. However there are plans to increase the seating capacity to 200,000 later on. The sprawling circuit will be a part of Jaypee Green Sports city and will also be used for hosting one or more rounds of Moto GP championships in the year 2012. The 10-year contract for the race has been given to the Indian construction company Jaiprakash Associates.
The track in all has 16 largely medium speed corners where F1 cars will lap at an average speed of 210 km/h. The back straight will let F1 cars reach 320 km/h making it one of the fastest tracks in the world. The expected F1 car lap time is 1 minute 27 seconds. The organizers have also taken feedback from teams which have done the track analysis via simulators leading to modification of the turn 7 in order to maximize overtaking opportunities into banked turn 10. A grand stand with a capacity of 13,000 will overlook the turn 10 and turn 11 giving the F1 fans an opportunity to be a part of the action.
Says Samir Gaur, MD and CEO of JPSI Sports, a subsidiary of Jaiprakash Associates, "Land acquisition for the 5.5 km track is on and we are hopeful of completing the exercise by February. The designer and contractor for the job too, have been finalised and we are sure of getting the track ready by February 2011, in time for the championship." According to Ashok Khurana, executive vice-chairman of JPSI, the core area of the circuit would be spread over 4,000 hectares and building the infrastructure of the circuit would cost between Rs 12 billion and Rs 15 billion (US$309 million/£188 million/€216 million, at exchange rates of 21 August 2009).
NATIONAL RAIL MUSEUM,NEW DELHI
BOMBAY RAILWAYS DOCUMENTARY
PART 1
BOMBAY RAILWAY DOCUMENTARY
PART 2
BOMBAY RAILWAY DOCUMENTARY
PART 3
BOMBAY RAILWAY DOCUMENTARY
PART4
BOMBAY RAILWAY DOCUMENTARY
PART5
INDIAN RAILWAY FLASH:1
Locomotives in India consist of electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are no longer used, except in heritage trains. Locomotives are also called locos or engines.
INDIAN RAILWAY FLASH:2
The history of rail transport in India began in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1849, there was not a single kilometer of railway line in India. By 1929, there were 41,000 miles of railway line serving every district in the country. At that point of time, the railways represented a capital value of some 687 millions sterling, and they carried over 620 millions of passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods each year.
INDIAN RAILWAY FLASH:1
Locomotives in India consist of electric and diesel locomotives. Steam locomotives are no longer used, except in heritage trains. Locomotives are also called locos or engines.
The Bengal Sappers of the Indian Army were the first to run a steam locomotive in India. The steam locomotive named ‘Thomason’ ran with two wagons for carrying earth from Roorkee to Piran Kaliyar in 1851, two years before the first passenger train ran from Bombay to Thane in 1853. The steam engine is presently exhibited at Roorkee Railway Station.
INDIAN RAILWAY FLASH:2
The history of rail transport in India began in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1849, there was not a single kilometer of railway line in India. By 1929, there were 41,000 miles of railway line serving every district in the country. At that point of time, the railways represented a capital value of some 687 millions sterling, and they carried over 620 millions of passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods each year.
AGNI-3
| Agni-III | |
|---|---|
| Type | Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile |
| Place of origin |  India |
| Service history | |
| In service | Active [1] |
| Used by | Indian Army |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) |
| Unit cost |  25 crore (US$6 million) - 35 crore (US$8 million)[2] |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 48,000 kg[3] |
| Length | 17 m[4] |
| Diameter | 2.0 m[4] |
| Warhead | Strategic nuclear (~15 KT to ~250 KT[~2,000Kg-~2,500Kg]), conventional, Thermobaric |
| Engine | Two stage solid propellant engine |
| Wingspan | Unknown |
| Operational range | 3,500 km - 5,000 km |
| Flight altitude | > 350 km |
| Speed | 5-6 km/s (Agni-II)[5] |
| Guidance system | Ring Laser Gyro- INS (Inertial Navigation System), optionally augmented by GPS terminal guidance with possible radar scene correlation |
| Launch platform | 8 x 8 TELAR (Transporter erector launcher) Rail Mobile La |
Agni-III is an intermediate-range ballistic missile developed by India as the successor to Agni-II. The ballistic missile has a range of 3,500 km- 5,000 km, which means that India is capable of engaging targets deep inside neighbouring countries. The missile’s Circular Error Probable (CEP) is within 40 meters range, which makes it most sophisticated and accurate ballistic missiles of its range class in the world.In June 2011, Defence Research and Development Organisation reported that development of Agni-III has been completed and already been inducted into the armed forces. It's reported to be under production.
Introduction
India's Minimum Credible Nuclear Deterrence envisages a triad of nuclear counterstrike capability which required a long range missile to provide robust second strike capability. A missile system that can be dispersed far and wide in the Indian mainland, its far flung islands or its blue water naval assets dispersed across the world's oceans. Following this necessity India developed a larger Agni-III missile, with a heavier payload and a longer range but in a compact configuration, i.e. thicker but shorter length. This development is driven by need for a more assured retaliation that can defeat emerging ABM defenses and countermeasures. Such capability requires a compact missile that can also carry ABM counter-measure payloads along with weapons, in a configuration similar to MIRV, albeit with state-of-the-art decoys.
AGNI-5
| Agni-V | |
|---|---|
| Type | Intercontinental ballistic missile |
| Place of origin | India |
| Service history | |
| In service | Under development (Design completed) |
| Used by | Indian Army |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) |
| Unit cost | 250-350 million (INR) or $ 5.6-7.9 million (USD) |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 50,000 kg |
| Length | 17.2 m |
| Diameter | 2 m |
| Engine | Three stage solid |
| Operational range | 6,000 km |
| Launch platform | 8 x 8 Tatra TELAR (Transporter erector launcher) & Rail Mobile Launcher (canisterized missile package) |
Agni-V is an solid fueled intercontinental ballistic missile under development by DRDO of India. It will greatly expand India's reach to strike targets up to 6,000 km away. Agni-V will carry Multiple Independent Re-entry Vehicles (MIRV) allowing targeting of multiple assets by an single missile. Missile tests are expected to begin in December 2011.
Introduction
Dr M Natrajan, an senior defense scientist of India, disclosed in 2007 that DRDO is working on an upgraded version of the Agni III known as the Agni-V (Earlier known as Agni-III* and Agni-IV) and that it will be ready in 4 years. The missile will have a range of about 6000 km. In September 2010, DRDO Chief V.K. Saraswat confirmed that the first test flight will be conducted in 2011. The missile will be tested for the first time in fourth-quarter of 2011.
The armed forces are already inducting the two-stage 3,500-km Agni-III after completion of its developmental and pre-induction trials last year, having earlier operationalised the Pakistan-specific Agni-I (700-km) and Agni-II (over 2,000-km) missiles.
For one, it will be quite easy to store and swiftly transport the 17.5-metre tall Agni-V by road since it's a canister-launch missile system, unlike the earlier Agni missiles.
For another, Agni-V would also carry MIRV (multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles) payloads being concurrently developed. A single MIRVed missile can deliver multiple warheads at different targets even if they are separated by long distances.
"We have tested the three (solid-propellant composite rocket motor) stages of Agni-V independently...all ground tests are now over. The integration process is now in progress. We want to test the missile in December, not let it spill over to 2012," DRDO chief V K Saraswat told TOI on Friday.
This came after defence minister A K Antony, addressing the annual DRDO awards ceremony, asked defence scientists to "demonstrate" the 5,000-km missile's capability "at the earliest".
With a "launch mass" of around 50 tonne and a development cost of over Rs 2,500 crore, Agni-V will incorporate advanced technologies involving ring laser gyroscope and accelerometer for navigation and guidance. It takes its first stage from Agni-III, with a modified second stage and a miniaturized third stage to ensure it can fly to distances beyond 5,000 km.
An ICBM, incidentally, usually denotes a missile capable of hitting targets over 5,500 km away, and has largely been the preserve of the Big-5 countries till now.
DRDO is also gearing up for another test of its two-tier BMD (ballistic missile defence) system, designed to track and destroy hostile missiles both inside (endo) and outside (exo) the earth's atmosphere, around this August with a new interceptor missile called PDV to add to the existing ones.
Indian Railways to get its most powerful diesel locomotive
NEW DELHI, September 26, 2011 (ET): Locomotive major Electro-Motive Diesel Monday said it has completed the design for a high-horsepower locomotive for the Indian Railways. According to the company, the new design - WDG5 - would be developed into the most powerful diesel locomotive in the country with a power output of 5,500 bhp. "This diesel locomotive has an output of 5,500 bhp, which will make it the strongest diesel locomotive ever to run on the Indian rail network," the company said in a statement. The company further said that the locomotive has a tractive effort of 560 kn and can pull more load at higher speeds with less emissions than engines which are currently in use.
The design entails the usage of modern technologies like electronic fuel injection and more. "It includes electronic fuel injection, radial grids and high adhesion, lightweight fabricated bogies," Lehman said. The interiors of the locomotive would have crew-friendly features and modern controls. "It has modern driver interface and crew-friendly features, such as an air conditioned cab and toilet, which is another first for the Indian Railways' fleet."
The design entails the usage of modern technologies like electronic fuel injection and more. "It includes electronic fuel injection, radial grids and high adhesion, lightweight fabricated bogies," Lehman said. The interiors of the locomotive would have crew-friendly features and modern controls. "It has modern driver interface and crew-friendly features, such as an air conditioned cab and toilet, which is another first for the Indian Railways' fleet."
MISSILES OF THE REPUBLIC INDIA
SURFACE-to-SURFACE
A surface-to-surface missile (also known as, ground-to-ground missile, SSM or GTGM) is a guided projectile launched from a hand-held, vehicle mounted, trailer mounted or fixed installation or from a ship. They are often powered by a rocket motor or sometimes fired by an explosive charge, since the launching platform is typically stationary or moving slowly. They usually have fins and/or wings for lift and stability, although hyper-velocity or short-ranged missiles may utilise body lift or fly a ballistic trajectory. The Fieseler Fi 103 (also known as the "V1") was the first surface-to-surface missile. travel in a high trajectory, motor burns out partway through flight
Ballistic missiles travel in a high trajectory, motor burns out partway through flight
Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km
Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM): Range less than 200 km
Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): Range between 300 km and 3500 km
Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range 1000 km or less
Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range between 1000 km and 3500 km
Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or Long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between 3500 km and 5500 km
Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5500 kmSubmarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM): Launched from ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range.
Cruise missiles travel low to the ground, motor burns during entire flight, typical range 2,500 km (1,500 mi)
Anti-tank guided missiles travel low to the ground, may or may not burn motor throughout flight, typical range 5 km (3 mi)
Anti-ship missiles travel low over the ground and sea, often pop up or jink before striking ship, typical range 130 km (80 mi)
AIR-to-SURFACE
An air-to-surface missile (also, air-to-ground missile, AGM, ASM or ATGM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft (bombers, attack aircraft, fighter aircraft or other kinds) and strike ground targets on land, at sea, or both. They are similar to guided glide bombs but to be considered a missile, they usually contain some form of propulsion system. The two most common propulsion systems for air-to-surfacemissiles are rocket motors and jet engines. These also tend to correspond to the range of the missiles — shortand long, respectively. Some Soviet air-to-surface missiles are powered by ramjets, giving them both long range and high speed.
Guidance for air-to-surface missiles is typically via laser guidance, infrared guidance, optical guidance or via GPS signals. The type of guidance depends on the type of target. Ships, for example, may be detected via passive or active radar, while this would not work very well against land targets which typically do not contain such a large mass of metal surrounded by empty space.
There is some cross-over between air-to-surface missiles and surface-to-surface missiles. For example, there was an air-launched version of the Tomahawk missile, although this has been superseded by the AGM-86 ALCM. Other missiles used in both roles include the Penguin anti-ship missile and AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile. Many air-to-surface missiles can be used against both ships and land targets, although some of them have to be modified to perform both roles effectively. For example, the Standoff Land Attack Missile is a land-attack version of the Harpoon.
One of the major advantages of air-to-surface missiles over other weapons available for aircraft to use to attack ground targets is the standoff distance they provide. This allows them to launch the weapons outside the most intense air defences around the target site. Most air-to-surface missiles are fire-and-forget in order to take most advantage of the standoff distance — they allow the launching platform to turn away after launch. Some missiles have enough range to be launched over the horizon. These missiles (typically either cruise or anti-ship missiles) need to be able to find and home in on the target autonomously.
Sub-categories of air-to-surface missiles include:
air-launchedanti-tank guided missiles (typically launched from helicopters)
air-launched cruise missiles
air-launched anti-ship missiles
SURFACE-to-AIR
A surface-to-air missile (SAM) or ground-to-air missile (GTAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of anti-aircraft system; in modern armed forces missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated anti-aircraft weaponry, with the anti-aircraft cannon into pushedniche roles
AIR-to-AIR
An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft. AAMs are typically powered by one or more rocket motors, usually solid fuelled but sometimes liquid fuelled. Ramjet engines, as used on the MBDA Meteor (currently in development), are emerging as propulsion that will enable future medium-range missiles to maintain higher average speed across their engagement envelope.
Darjeeling himalaya railways(documentary)
LOCOMOTIVES
Current
All the steam locomotives currently in use on the railway are of the "B" Class, a design built between 1889 and 1925. A total of 34 were built but by 2005 only 12 remained on the railway and in use (or under repair).
In 2002 No.787 was rebuilt with oil firing. This was originally installed to work on the same principle as that used on Nilgiri Mountain Railway No.37395. A diesel-powered generator was fitted to operate the oil burnerfeedwater heater. The overall result was a dramatic change in the appearance of the locomotive.However, the trials of the locomotive were disappointing and it never entered regular service. In early 2011 it was in Tindharia Works awaiting reconversion to coal-firing. and an electrically-driven feed pump, and a diesel-powered compressor was fitted to power the braking system. Additionally the locomotive was fitted with a
In March 2001, No.794 was transferred to the Matheran Hill Railway to allow a "Joy Train" (steam-hauled tourist train) to be operated on that railway. It did not, however, enter service there until May 2002.
- Diesel
Four diesel locomotives are in use Nos.601-2,604 & 605 of the NDM6 class transferred from the Matheran Hill Railway.
In 1910 the railway purchased the third Garratt locomotive built, a "D" class 0-4-0+0-4-0.
Only one DHR steam locomotive has been taken out of India, No.778 (originally No.19). After many years out of use in an American museum, it was sold to an enthusiast in the UK and restored to working order. It is now based on a private railway (The Beeches Light Railway) in Oxfordshire but has run on the Ffestiniog Railway, the Launceston Steam Railway and the Leighton Buzzard Light Railway.
Darjeeling himalaya railways(Animation view)
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, nicknamed the "Toy Train", is a 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge railway from New Jalpaiguri to Darjeeling in West Bengal, run by the Indian Railways.
It was built between 1879 and 1881 and is about 86 kilometres (53 mi) long. The elevation level is from about 100 m (328 ft) at New Jalpaiguri to about 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) at Darjeeling.
Calcutta Trams 2
- 1928
- Kalighat to Baliganj route opened.
- 1930
- Park Circus line extended to Garhiahat Junction.
- 1941
- Rajabazar line extended to Galiff Street.
- 1943
- The Calcutta system was connected with the Howrah section through the new Howrah Bridge in February. With this extension, the total track length reached 42.0 miles (67.59 km).
- 1951
- The government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Company, and the Calcutta Tramways Act of 1951 was enacted. The government assumed all rights regarding the Tramways, and reserved the right to purchase the system (with two years' notice) on 1st January 1972 or any time thereafter.
- 1967
- The Government of West Bengal passed the Calcutta Tramways Company (Taking Over of Management) Act and assumed management on 19 July. On 8 November 1976 the Calcutta Tramways (Acquisition of Undertaking) ordinance was promulgated, under which the company (and its assets) united with the government.
- 1970
- The Howrah sections were closed in October; the 1971/1973 Nimtala route was closed down in May 1973, and realignment of the Howrah Station terminus occurred. Total track length was now reduced to 38 miles (61.2 km).
- 1980
- Tram tracks on Bentinck Street and Ashutosh Mukhopadhyay Road closed for construction of the Kolkata metro; following construction, these stretches were not reopened. Overhead wires were present until 1994 on Bentinck Street. Tracks on Jawaharlal Nehru Road remained after realignment, making a new terminus at Birla Planetarium; the Birla Planetarium route closed in 1991. An overpass was constructed on that road in 2006.
- 1982
- The Sealdah Station terminus (along with the Sealdaha - Lebutala stretch on Bipin Bihari Gangopadhyay Street) closed for construction of an overpass. The site is now occupied by Sealdah Court and a bus terminal.
- 1985
- On 17 April, tracks were extended connecting Manicktola to Ultadanga via Manicktola Main road and C. I. T. Road 3.7 km (2.30 mi). This was the first Tramways extension since 1947.
- 1986
- On 31 December, further extension of tram tracks from Behala to Joka was completed.
- 1992
- Calcutta Tramways Company undertook a new venture by introducing bus service from 4 November, initially with a fleet of 40 buses.
- 1993
- Howrah Station terminus closed and tram tracks removed on Howrah Bridge; the cantilever bridge proved too weak for trams. All routes terminated there were shortened to the Barhabazar (Howrah Bridge) terminus (formerly Barhabazar Junction).
- 1995
- High Court terminus closed for reconstruction of Strand Road. Rails and wires were removed from there and from Strand Road, Hare Street and Shahid Kshudiram Basu Road. The site is now occupied by the newest building of the Kolkata High Court.
- 2004
- Garhiahat Depot - Garhiahat Junction link on Gariahat Road closed for construction of the Gariahat overpass.
- 2006
- Mominpur - Behala stretch on Diamond Harbour Road closed for construction of an overpass at Taratala. Initially, there was a plan to route tracks on that overpass after its completion, but the road was later converted to a National Highway and the plan dismissed. The Behala - Joka stretch is still in existence, along with the Behala terminus.
- 2007
- Wattgunge Junction - Mominpur Diamond Harbour Road, Mominpur - Jatin Das Park Judges Court Road, Jatin Das Park - Kalighat Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road, Kalighat - Ballygunge Station Rash Behari Avenue and Kalighat - Tollygunge S. P. Mukherjee Road, Deshapran Sashmal Road routes closed for reconstruction. As of early 2011, they have not yet reopened.
- 2008
- Galiff Street terminus realigned. Irregular service from Bagbazar to Galiff Street converted to regular by Route 7/12. Rails and wires removed from part of Bidhan Sarani route (restored by end of year).
2009
- Tracks on R. G. Kar Road from Shyambazar five-point crossing to Belgatchia tram depot closed down for reconstruction. As of early 2011, they are not yet restored.
Calcutta Trams 1
The Calcutta Tramways Company (1978) Limited (CTC) is a West Bengal, India government-run company which runs trams in Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) and buses in and around Kolkata. The Kolkata tram is the oldest operating electric tram in Asia, running since 1902.
- 1873
- An attempt was made to run a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) tramway service between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street on 24 February. The service was not adequately patronised, and was discontinued on Nov 20.
- 1880
- The Calcutta Tramway Co. Ltd was formed and registered in London on 22 December. Metre-gauge horse-drawn tram tracks were laid from Sealdah to Armenian Ghat via Bowbazar Street, Dalhousie Square and Strand Road. The route was inaugurated by the Viceroy, Lord Ripon, on 1 November.
- 1882
- Steam locomotives were deployed experimentally to haul tram cars. By the end of the nineteenth century the company owned 166 tram cars, 1000 horses, seven steam locomotives and 19 miles of tram tracks.
- 1900
- Electrification of the tramway, and reconstruction of tracks to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) (standard gauge) was begun.
- 1902
- The first electric tramcar in Asia ran from Esplanade to Kidderpore on 27 March, and on 14 June from Esplanade to Kalighat.
- 1903
- The Kalighat line was extended to Tollygunje, the Esplanade line to Belgachhia (via Bidhan Sarani, Shyambazar), and the Esplanade to Shialdaha route (via Binay Badal Dinesh Bag, Rajib Gandhi Sarani and [present] Mahatma Gandhi Road) opened.
- 1904
- Esplanade to Bagbazar route through College Street opened.
- 1905
- Howrah Station to Bandhaghat route was opened to trams in June. Electrification project completed.
- 1906
- Bowbazar Junction to Binay Badal Dinesh Bag, Ahiritola Junction to Hatibagan Junction routes opened.
- 1908
- Lines to Shibpur via G.T. Road prepared. Esplanade to Shialdaha station via Moula Ali Junction, Moula Ali Junction to Nonapukur, Wattganj Junction to J.Das Park Junction (via Alipur), Mominpur Junction to Behala routes opened.
- 1910
- Shialdaha Station to Rajabazar route opened.
- 1915
- Mirzapur Junction to Bowbazar Junction and Shialdaha Station to Lebutala Junction routes opened.
- 1920
- Strand Road Junction to High Court route opened.
- 1923
- S.C.Mallik Square Junction to Park Circus route (via Royd Street, Nonapukur) opened.
- 1925
- Barhabazar Junction to Nimtala route opened.
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